A visual timeline of Irish history, from ancient Ireland through the Penal Laws, the Great Famine and the Troubles to today, told alongside the Irish language.
Society became more warlike and stratified. Large hillforts were constructed as defensive strongholds for tribal leaders.
Brian Boru's last battle, and far less a fight between Irish and Vikings than the old story has it.
The Anglo-Norman invasion brought castles, feudalism, and new laws. Over centuries, they assimilated, becoming 'more Irish than the Irish themselves'.
A law passed to stop English settlers turning Irish, and proof that they already had.
How Gaelic surnames were 'Englished' under British rule (by law, by clerks, and by centuries of pressure), turning names like Mac Gabhann into Smith.
Ireland stops being a lordship held under the Pope and becomes a kingdom held by the English crown.
Two wars in Munster that ended the Fitzgeralds, emptied the province, and brought the first great plantation.
The last stand of Gaelic Ulster, and the war that ended the old order in Ireland.
The great Gaelic lords fled Ireland, ending the old Gaelic order and opening the way for the Plantation of Ulster.
The confiscation and resettlement of six Ulster counties, and the roots of a division that outlasted it.
A rising of the dispossessed Catholic gentry of Ulster that spread into a decade of war, and whose atrocity stories would echo for centuries.
For seven years Catholic Ireland governed itself from Kilkenny. It was the nearest thing to an independent Irish state before the twentieth century.
Oliver Cromwell's brutal reconquest of Ireland, marked by massacre and mass land confiscation.
In the aftermath of the conquest, thousands of Irish were shipped to the sugar colonies of the Caribbean as bonded labourers. It is a brutal chapter, and an often misremembered one.
After the conquest came the confiscation: Catholic landowners were ordered west of the Shannon, in one of the largest transfers of land in European history.
The war between James II and William of Orange, decided at the Boyne in 1690, with lasting consequences.
For 105 days the walled city held out against a Jacobite army under the cry of 'No Surrender', in one of the defining episodes of the Williamite war.
The Williamite war ended at Limerick, and with it thousands of Ireland's Catholic soldiers sailed for Europe, never to return.
A series of laws that stripped Catholics (and Dissenters) of land, education and political rights.
A forgotten famine: an extraordinary cold snap killed a greater share of the population than even the Great Famine a century later.
For eighteen years Ireland's Parliament won a measure of independence: a brief flowering of Irish self-government that the Act of Union would end.
Inspired by the American and French revolutions, the United Irishmen and Theobald Wolfe Tone rose in 1798 for an independent, non-sectarian Irish republic.
The Irish Parliament was abolished and Ireland was governed directly from Westminster.
O'Connell built a peaceful mass movement that won Catholic Emancipation in 1829.
The language went from the speech of millions to a minority tongue in two generations, and the reasons are harder than the story usually told.
A catastrophic failure of the potato crop led to mass starvation and emigration, fundamentally changing Ireland's demographics and culture.
In the depths of the Famine, a new nationalist movement rose: romantic, literary, and doomed to a brief, failed rebellion.
A secret, oath-bound brotherhood pledged to win an Irish republic by force, and to keep that idea alive across the world.
Tenant farmers fought for fair rents and land ownership, while Charles Stewart Parnell led the Home Rule campaign.
A cultural reawakening that revived the Irish language, native sport and literature, and helped shape modern Irish identity.
Around 200,000 Irishmen served and some 35,000 died, and for most of a century afterwards nobody talked about it.
On Easter Monday 1916, a small band of rebels seized the centre of Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. Their defeat, and the executions that followed, changed the course of Irish history.
After the 1916 executions, support for independence surged. Sinn Féin's 1918 landslide led to the War of Independence, the Anglo-Irish Treaty, partition and Civil War.
The war that followed independence, fought between people who had fought the previous one together.
Ireland asserted its sovereignty with a new constitution and the election of its first President, cementing its status as an independent state.
The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into force, declaring Ireland a republic and formally ending its membership of the British Commonwealth.
The independent state nearly emptied. By 1961 there were fewer people living in Ireland than at any point before or since.
A conflict in Northern Ireland involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries and state forces, centering on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland.
Ireland joined the European Economic Community (now the EU), a turning point that transformed the economy from agriculture to industry and services.
A period of rapid economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment, low corporate tax, and a property boom, modernizing Irish society.
The settlement that ended the Troubles, agreed on Good Friday 1998 and voted on in both jurisdictions.
The arrival of metalworking transformed Irish society. Copper was mined in the south and gold became a symbol of power and status.
A property boom ended, the state guaranteed the banks, and Ireland lost control of its own budget for three years.
In three years a country once governed closely by the Catholic church voted twice to change that, by large majorities.
Ireland's first farmers arrived, clearing forests and building permanent settlements. This era is defined by monumental stone architecture that still stands today.
The arrival of Christianity marked a golden age of art and scholarship. Ireland became known as the 'Land of Saints and Scholars'.
The Celtic culture emerged, bringing the Gaelic language, Brehon laws, and a rich oral tradition of myths and legends.
Viking raiders attacked monasteries but later settled, founding Ireland's first towns. This era culminated in the Battle of Clontarf.
The most famous illuminated manuscript in the world, made around 800 AD and unfinished to this day.